Biology Flashcards — free to study.
Sample flashcards covering core biology topics: cell biology, genetics, photosynthesis, ecology, and evolution. Study these, then generate your own deck from your lecture notes.
Study tips for biology
Cover the answer and try to recall before flipping — recognition isn't enough on an exam.
Group cards by topic (cell biology, genetics) and master one area before moving to the next.
For processes like photosynthesis, draw the diagram from memory after studying the cards.
Sample cards (10)
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Produces ATP (energy) through cellular respiration via oxidative phosphorylation. Known as the powerhouse of the cell.
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells (used for growth/repair). Meiosis produces 4 genetically unique haploid cells (used for sexual reproduction).
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA → RNA → Protein. DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into a protein by ribosomes.
What is a dominant vs recessive allele?
A dominant allele is expressed when at least one copy is present (Aa or AA). A recessive allele is only expressed when two copies are present (aa).
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
1) Light-dependent reactions (thylakoids): capture light energy, produce ATP and NADPH, release O₂. 2) Calvin cycle (stroma): use ATP/NADPH to fix CO₂ into G3P (glucose precursor).
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What is natural selection?
The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those traits to offspring.
What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
Autotrophs produce their own food from inorganic sources (e.g., plants via photosynthesis). Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
What is a niche in ecology?
The role and position an organism occupies in its ecosystem — including how it gets food, interacts with other species, and affects its environment.
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, contains thymine (T). RNA: single-stranded, ribose sugar, contains uracil (U) instead of thymine.
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