Chemistry Flashcards — free to study.
Sample flashcards for general chemistry, organic chemistry, and thermodynamics. Study the examples, then generate a custom deck from your own lecture notes.
Study tips for chemistry
Don't memorise reactions — understand the mechanism. If you know why SN2 inverts, you'll remember it forever.
Write out equations and unit cancellations by hand. Kinesthetic memory helps enormously with formulas.
Do practice problems every day, not just before exams. Chemistry is a skill, not a subject to memorise.
Sample cards (10)
What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
Ionic bond: electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract (e.g. NaCl). Covalent bond: electrons are shared between atoms (e.g. H₂O).
What is Avogadro's number and what does it represent?
6.022 × 10²³. It represents the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of a substance.
What is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction?
Exothermic: releases energy to surroundings (ΔH < 0), feels hot. Endothermic: absorbs energy from surroundings (ΔH > 0), feels cold.
What is Le Chatelier's principle?
If a system at equilibrium is disturbed (by concentration, temperature, or pressure change), it shifts to counteract the disturbance and restore equilibrium.
What is the difference between an acid and a base (Brønsted-Lowry definition)?
An acid is a proton (H⁺) donor. A base is a proton (H⁺) acceptor.
What does pH measure, and what is the formula?
pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. pH = -log[H⁺]. pH < 7 = acidic, pH = 7 = neutral, pH > 7 = basic.
What is the difference between SN1 and SN2 reactions?
SN2: one-step, backside attack, inverts stereochemistry, favoured with primary substrates. SN1: two-step, forms carbocation intermediate, racemisation, favoured with tertiary substrates.
What is a functional group? Give three examples.
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determines a molecule's reactivity. Examples: hydroxyl (-OH, alcohols), carboxyl (-COOH, carboxylic acids), amino (-NH₂, amines).
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted. ΔU = q + w (change in internal energy = heat added + work done on the system).
What is electronegativity and which element has the highest?
Electronegativity is an atom's tendency to attract electrons in a bond. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity (3.98 on the Pauling scale).
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